Julia Abelson is a professor in the Department of Health Evidence and Impact and an associate member of the Department of Political Science. She was director of the Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis (CHEPA) from 2006–11, a past recipient of a Canadian Institutes of Health Research New Investigator award and an Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care Career Scientist award. She is also the director of McMaster’s Health Policy PhD program. Abelson obtained her MSc in health policy and management from the Harvard School of Public Health and her doctorate in social and policy sciences at the University of Bath, UK. Her research interests include public engagement in health system governance, the analysis of the determinants of health policy decision-making and the evaluation of innovations in the organization, funding and delivery of health services. Through her research, education and service activities, Abelson works closely with decision-makers in provincial, regional and local governments.

Elizabeth Alvarez is an experienced family/public health physician and assistant professor in the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) at McMaster University. After completing her medical degree and family medicine residency at the University of Toledo in Ohio, she earned a master’s degree in public health through the Northwest Ohio Consortium for Public Health, and a PhD in health policy at McMaster University. She also holds a certificate in medical cognitive behavioural therapy (CMCBT).

Her research uses policy analysis and qualitative and mixed methods for applied knowledge translation, spanning the role of context in evidence informed decision making, public health topics, sustainable health behaviour change across the lifespan and multidisciplinary care.

Associate Chair, Equity and Diversity – Department of Medicine

Director – Population Genomics Program, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics

Canada Research Chair in Ethnic Diversity and Cardiovascular Disease

Heart and Stroke Foundation/Michael G. DeGroote Chair in Population Health Research McMaster University

Dr. Sonia Anand was only 33 years old when she landed the Eli Lilly Canada-May Cohen Chair in Women’s Health. Although her present research involves the environmental and genetic determinants of vascular and peripheral vascular disease in populations of varying ancestral origin, she is most recognized for her research on women’s health issues, particularly in the area of cardiovascular disease. The care and treatment of women’s cardiovascular disease, unique in its latent and non-specific symptoms, must differ from the standard employed for men to be successful and Dr. Anand’s research is innovative in making this a priority.

As a professor with the Department of Medicine and a member of the Leadership Council of the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada’s Heart Truth campaign, Dr. Anand has helped give women the tools they need to reduce their risk of cardiovascular disease. Studying the differences associated with each gender’s symptomatic experience of heart disease, Dr. Anand aims to clarify the way in which social factors interact with biological factors to impact cardiovascular health.

Dr. Anand is also the principal investigator of two large genetic association studies, including the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)/Heart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario (HSFO) funded Epidemiologic Study of Screens for Diabetes Reduction Assessment with Ramipril and Rosiglitazone Medication (EPiDREAM) of 22,000 people from 21 countries. Complementing this research, Dr. Anand teaches clinical epidemiology courses in methodology and cardiovascular disease at McMaster University with the hope of influencing future generations of doctors to be mindful of women’s health matters.

Selected Publications

• Do R, Xie C, Zhang X, Islam S, Bailey S, Rangarajan S, McQueen M, Diaz R, Lisheng L, Wang X, Yusuf S, Engert J, Anand SS. Dietary Intake Modifies the Effect of Chromosome 9p21 Variants on Cardiovascular Disease. PLoS Med 2011 Oct;8(10):e1001106
• Zbuk K, Xie C, Young R, Heydarpour M, Pare G, Davis A, Miller R, Lanktree M, Saleheen D, Danesh J, Yusuf S, Engert J, Hegele R, Anand SS. BRCA2 Variants and Cardiovascular Disease in a Multi-Ethnic Study. BMC Med Genet 2012 July18;13-56
• Anand S, Dagenais G, Mohan V, Diaz R, Probstfield J, Freeman R, Shaw J, Marshall S, Lanas F, Avezum A, Budaj A, Jung H, Desai D, Bosch J, Yusuf S, Gertstein H. Glucose Levels are Associated with Cardiovascular Disease and Death in an International Cohort of Normal Glycemic and Dysglycemic Men and Women: The EpiDREAM Cohort Study. Eur J Cardiovas Prev Cardiol 2012 Aug;19(4):755-64
• Joseph P, Davis A, Miller R, Hill K, McCarthy H, Banerjee A, Chow C, Mente A, Anand SS. Contextual determinants of health behaviours in an Aboriginal community in Canada: Pilot Project. BMC Public Health 2012 Nov 7;12:952
• Joseph P, Pare G, Anand SS. Exploring Gene-Environment Relationships in Cardiovascular Disease. Can J Cardio 2013 Jan;29(1);37-45
• Anand SS. Vasudevan A, Gupta M, Morrison K, Kurpad A, Teo KK, Srinivasan K, On behalf of the START Cohort Study Investigators. Rationale and Design of South Asian Birth Cohort (START): A Canada-India Collaborative Study BMC Public Health 2013, Jan 28; 13:79
• Kreatsoulas C, Anand SS. Menopausal hormone therapy for the primary prevention of chronic conditions. U.S. Preventative Services Task Force recommendation statement. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2013:123(3): 112-7.
• Kreatsoulas C, Shannon HS, Giacomini M, Velianou JL, Anand SS. Reconstructing Angina: Cardiac Symptoms Are the Same in Women and Men. JAMA Internal Medicine 2013 Apr. 8:1-2.
• Neylon A, Canniffe C, Anand S, Kreatsoulas c, Blake GJ, Sugrue D, McGorrian D. A global perspective on psychosocial risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2013 May-Jun;55(6): 574-81.
• Kalra S, Mercuri M, Anand SS. Measures of body fat in South Asian Adults. Nutr Diabetes 2013 May 27;3:e69
• Chetty T, Damjanovic S, Gerstein H, Singh N, Yusuf S, Anand SS, Sharma A. Metabolic effects of Telmisartan in subjects with abdomen obesity: a prospective randomized control trial. Blood Pressure, 2013; Jun 3
• Mente A, Meyre D, Lanktree M, Heydarpour M, Davis AD, Miller R, Gerstein H, Hegele RA, Yusuf S, Anand SS. Causal Relationship between Adiponectin and Metabolic Traits: A Mendelian Randomization Study in a Multiethnic Population. PLoS One 2013 June 24;8(6): e66808
• Wahi G, Wilson J, Miller R, Anglin R, McDonald S, Morrison KM, Teo KK, Anand SS. Aboriginal birth cohort (ABC): a prospective cohort study of early life determinants of adiposity and associated risk factors among Aboriginal people in Canada. BMC public health. 2013 Jun 25;13(1):608. [Epub ahead of print]
• Shah BR, Victor JC, Chiu M, Tu JV, Anand SS, Austin PC, Manuel DG, Hux JE. Cardiovascular Complications and Mortality After Diabetes Diagnosis for South Asian and Chinese Patients: A population-based cohort study. Diabetes Care 2013 Sep;36(9):2670-6
• Anand SS, Meyre D, Pare G, Bailey S, Xie C, Zhang X, Montpetit A, Desai D, Bosch J, Mohan V, Diaz R, McQueen M, Cordell H, Keavney B, Yusuf S, Gaudet D, Gerstein H, Engert JC, on behalf of the EpiDREAM Genetics Investigators. Genetic Information and the Prediction of incident Type 2 Diabetes in a High-Risk Multi-Ethnic population: The EpiDREAM Genetic Study. Diabetes Care 2013 Sep;36(9):2836-42
• Oliveira A, Kalra S, Wahi G, McDonald S, Desai D, Wilson J, Jacobs L, Smoke S, Hill P, Hill K, Morrison K, Teo K, Miller R, Anand SS. Maternal and Newborn Health Profile in an Aboriginal Community in Canada. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
• Wahi G, Anand SS. Race/Ethnicity, obesity and related cardio-metabolic risk factors: A life-course perspective. Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep (In Press Aug 2013)

Dr. Clase is a nephrologist and epidemiologist. She is medical lead for the kidney transitional program, providing continuity of care to adolescents transitioning from pediatric to adult care. During the pandemic, she joined McMaster’s Centre of Excellence in Protective Equipment and Materials, where she works on community education around cloth masks and developing better cloth masks.

Andrew Costa is an associate professor and Schlegel Research Chair in Clinical Epidemiology & Aging in the Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics at McMaster University. He also serves as the research lead at the DeGroote School of Medicine, Waterloo Regional Campus. He is an interRAI fellow, where he is engaged in the Network of Excellence in Acute Care (iNEAC) and leads the Emergency Department Working Group. He has received Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) awards for his research in health services and policy and is a member of the Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis (CHEPA).

Academic Interests

Dr. Costa’s research program promotes evidence-based care and policy in seniors and geriatric care. His program of research makes use of health information and technology to develop better models of care and decision support systems in home and community care, emergency departments and acute care. His current work is focused on the development and evaluation of models of care for avoidable emergency department use and care of the elderly in emergency departments. He is an interRAI fellow, where he is engaged in the Network of Excellence in Acute Care.Dr. Costa’s work makes use of large health care data repositories, multi-site prospective cohort studies and pragmatic trial methods. He also has an active interest in the development and use of funding and performance systems in health care reform.

Education and Professional Standing

MD, University of Western Ontario, 1990
FRCPC Internal Medicine, 1994
FRCPC Hematology, 1995
MSc Health Research Methodology, 1998
Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada (FRSC), 2017

Dr. Crowther has more than 400 peer reviewed publications, was inducted into the Royal Society of Canada in 2017 and received the 2017 International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis BACH Investigator Recognition Award. He was one of 14 scientists from the Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine at McMaster University cited by Clarivate Analytics on its Highly Cited Researchers list (formerly known as Thomson Reuter’s annual publication of The World’s Most Influential Scientific Minds).

Dr. Liz Darling is the assistant dean of Midwifery and an associate professor in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at McMaster University. Her qualifications include an honours BArtsSc (McMaster), a BHSc in midwifery (McMaster), an MSc in health research methodology (McMaster) and a PhD in population health (Ottawa).

She holds a Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Early Career Investigator Award in Maternal, Reproductive, Child and Youth Health that supports a mixed methods research program investigating the impact of funding expanded midwifery care models in Ontario. Her research interests include midwifery services, health disparities, access to care, health policy and perinatal health outcomes. She has particular expertise in the midwifery data collected in Ontario’s perinatal registry (BORN-Ontario). She is committed to building research capacity within the midwifery profession and currently mentors undergraduate and graduate students in a variety of academic programs.

Dr. Darling practiced midwifery in Ottawa and was a part-time faculty member with the Midwifery Education Program at Laurentian University, prior to joining McMaster full-time in 2017. She is also an adjunct scientist at Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES) McMaster and holds an associate appointment in the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact at McMaster University. She has represented the midwifery profession in clinical and research committees at the provincial and national level, including serving as a member of the Expert Advisory Committee for the Canadian Perinatal Surveillance System.

She is the recipient of academic awards which include a CIHR Early Career Investigator Award (2019), the Association of Ontario Midwives’ Excellence in Midwifery Research Award (2019), the Joseph De Koninck Doctoral Thesis Award (2015), a CIHR Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarship (2011) and a CIHR Health Professional Fellowship (2011 – declined).

Dr. de Souza is a registered dietitian and nutritional epidemiologist. He received his doctoral degree in nutritional epidemiology from the Harvard School of Public Health. He completed post-doctoral training in systematic reviews and randomized trial methodology jointly at McMaster University and St. Michael’s Hospital (Toronto). His work focuses on dietary factors that influence chronic disease throughout the lifespan, with a particular interest in macronutrients, dietary patterns and cardiovascular disease.

Laura Duncan has a PhD in health research methodology and is a research coordinator for the Ontario Child Health Study at the Offord Centre for Child Studies. She is also an Assistant Professor (Part Time) in the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact. She completed an MA in sociology at McMaster University and worked as an analyst for Statistics Canada, before joining the Offord Centre for Child Studies. She works in the area of psychiatric epidemiology and her research focuses on the measurement and assessment of child and youth mental health and child mental health service use, targeting and resource allocation.

Emmanuel Guindon is the inaugural Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis (CHEPA)/Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care Chair in Health Equity, an associate professor in the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) and an associate member of the Department of Economics at McMaster University. Prior to joining McMaster University, Emmanuel was on Faculty at Université de Montréal and a staff economist at the World Health Organization in Geneva, Switzerland. Emmanuel is the recipient of a Rising Star Award from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Institute of Health Services and Policy Research, an Early Researcher Award from the Ontario Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science and a Career development award in prevention from the Canadian Cancer Society. Emmanuel holds a PhD in health research methodology from McMaster, an MA in economics from the University of Victoria and a BA in economics from McGill University.

Dr. Gordon Guyatt is a Distinguished Professor in the Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University and one of the founders of Evidence-Based Medicine. He has played a key role in over 30 major clinical studies (including both large-scale observational and randomized trials) and has extensive expertise in study methodology. As co-founder and co-chair of the GRADE working group he has been intimately involved in the development and evolution of the GRADE approach.

The Health Information Research Unit (HiRU), founded by Brian Haynes, is a knowledge refinery whose main activity is maintaining the McMaster Premium Literature Service (McMaster PLUS), a second-order peer review database of methodologically sound, clinically relevant and newsworthy peer reviewed publications. McPLUS is used for many purposes, including:

• Identifying candidate papers for abstraction (American College of Physicians Journal Club, a monthly feature in the of Annals of Internal Medicine)
• Providing discipline specific news feeds via the DynaMed sponsored Evidence Alerts service or the ACP sponsored JournalWise evidence feed
• Identifying candidate papers for triggering British Medical Journal (BMJ) Wikipedia recommendations
• Feeding evidence into a suite of discipline specific products like Clot+, Pain+, Prevention+, the Optimal Aging Portal and, more recently, COVID-19+ EvidenceAlerts

HiRU has created the Clinical Query filters available on the PubMed search engine and, more recently, developed a machine-learning based, highly specific algorithm to retrieve sound and clinically relevant literature.

HiRU is open to potential collaborations with any academic, not-for-profit or commercial organization whose aim is to disseminate high quality evidence. For further details on HiRU’s knowledge translation research program, visit their website.

The clinical research program is centred on the application of information technology to optimize the clinical management of rare bleeding disorders. The McMaster Hemophilia Research Program, based and partly supported by the Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, runs a worldwide epidemiology and pharmacoepidemiology research program based on the following infrastructure:

1. The Canadian Bleeding Disorder Registry (CBDR), supporting clinical activities of all bleeding disorder centers in Canada and feeding a central anonymized data repository
2. The Web-available Population Pharmacokinetic Service (WAPPS) and research network, the gold standard for personalized treatment for hemophilia, covering over 550 centres worldwid, producing PopPK estimates at the point of care for all available factor concentrates
3. The Patient Reported Outcome Burden and Experiences (PROBE), a multilingual assessment tool and research network aiming to generate robust comparative effectiveness data

For further details, visit the McMaster Hemophilia Research Group website.

Teaching

• Course coordinator and lecturer, Health Research Methodology Course #777 (Diagnosis and Prognosis)
• Lecturer, Health Research Methodology Course #721 (Introduction to Health Research Methodology) Teaching Unit: Prognostic studies

Other scholarly activities

Dr. Iorio is an sssociate editor of the Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Review Group of Cochrane and a member of Cochrane’s Prognosis Method Group.

He is past chair of the Data and Demographics Committee of the World Federation of Hemophilia (WFH), co-chair of the World Bleeding Disorder Registry (WFH), a member of the GRADE Working Group and a member of the COVID-END initiative.

Dr. Shun Fu Lee, PhD, is an assistant professor of biostatistics at McMaster University and a senior biostatistician at Population Health Research Institute (PHRI). She has extensive experience collaborating in pragmatic trials, randomized controlled trials and epidemiologic studies, and conducting statistical methodologic research in cluster randomized trials, prognostic modelling, biostatistics, missing data and survival analysis.

She is also a senior lead statistician for many studies (e.g., ORIGIN-BIOMARKERS, PACT-HF, PADIT, B-Free and Cardiac Vision) involved in designing the trial, estimating sample size, assisting in grant application, preparing statistical analysis plan, analyzing the data, interpreting the results and writing the statistical section for the manuscript.

Dr. Mente is a principal investigator for the epidemiology program at the Population Health Research Institute. He received his doctoral degree in epidemiology from the University of Toronto. He completed post-doctoral training in cardiovascular epidemiology at McMaster University and is currently an assistant professor in clinical epidemiology and biostatistics at McMaster University. Dr. Mente has received a Research Fellowship from the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada and a Research Early Career Award from Hamilton Health Sciences. Dr. Mente is currently working in the Population Urban and Rural Epidemiological (PURE) study and is interested in the role of essential minerals (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium) and dietary fatty acids in cardiovascular diseases in populations around the world. He has published 45 papers and two chapters.

Dr. Meyre completed a PhD in quantitative plant genetics in France. Since 2001, he is working on the elucidation of the genetic bases of obesity and type 2 diabetes. He published the first family-based genome-wide scan for childhood obesity, which identified a significant region for linkage on chromosome 6q. He completed the first successful positional cloning effort for childhood obesity, which identified the positional candidate gene ENPP1. He participated to the identification of FTO, the major susceptibility gene for polygenic obesity. David Meyre was part of the team who published the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) in complex diseases in 2007. In 2009, David Meyre published the first genome-wide association study of extreme obesity in the French population and identified four novel susceptibility-loci. He also conducted the first genome-wide association meta-analysis for early-onset extreme obesity in German and French populations, leading to the identification of two novel childhood obesity predisposing loci. In 2010, he contributed to the identification of the first structural variant (a 600 bp deletion located on the chromosome 16p11.2) associated to highly penetrant forms of severe obesity. In 2012, he identified the third more common form of monogenic obesity (PCSK1 partial deficiency) and proved an important role of the lipid sensor GPR120 in human obesity. He also participated to an international meta-analysis effort involving more than 20,000 kids that identified nine loci contributing to childhood obesity.

With 96 articles published up to date (25 appeared in first-rank journals such as Nature, Science, Nature Genetics, etc.), Dr. Meyre is an internationally recognized expert in genetic epidemiology of metabolic diseases. His current research interests include:

1. Identification of novel susceptibility genes using high-throughput sequencing/genotyping approaches in populations representative of the worldwide ethnic background
2. Better understanding of the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the development of metabolic diseases
3. Interactions between genes and specific environmental exposures
4. Usefulness of genetic information in clinical applications (prevention and care)

Dr. Alexandra Papaioannou is a professor in the Department of Medicine and a geriatrician at Hamilton Health Sciences. She is executive director of the Geriatric Education and Research in Aging Sciences (GERAS) Centre at Hamilton Health Sciences. She holds an Eli Lilly Research Chair at McMaster University. She has a joint appointment in the Division of Rheumatology and is past director, Division of Geriatric Medicine, McMaster. Dr. Papaioannou is an associate member in the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact and a faculty member in the Medical Sciences, Physiology & Pharmacology Graduate Studies Program. She is a member of the Gilbrea Centre Advisory Board and the McMaster Institute for Research on Aging (MIRA). She is past chair of the Scientific Advisory Council of Osteoporosis Canada (OC) and past Chair of the Board. She is a member of the Scientific Advisors of Osteoporosis Canada and the International Osteoporosis Foundation. Dr. Papaioannou was lead author on the Osteoporosis Canada Guidelines published in Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ) October 2010 and 2015. Dr. Papaioannou was awarded an Ontario Career Scientist Award. She is author of more than 300 peer-reviewed publications with a focus on frailty, falls and fractures. She is the project lead for the Ontario Osteoporosis Strategy for Fracture Prevention in Long-term Care and Co-Director of the Hamilton Canadian Multi-Centre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos).

Dr. Papaioannou has received a number of awards, including the Ronald Cape Distinguished Service Award to recognize an individual who has made an outstanding contribution to the health care of older adults in Canada, the Service Award for Geriatric Excellence (SAGE) – Category: Executive/Senior Leadership awarded by the Regional Geriatric Program central (RGPc), the McMaster Department of Medicine Teaching Award for Postgraduate Teaching, the Ontario College of Family Physicians Certificate of Recognition for her contributions to primary care, the YWCA Hamilton Women of Distinction Award – Health & Wellness and the Lindy Fraser Award from Osteoporosis Canada.

• Associate professor, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University
• Staff physician, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children’s Hospital
• Associate member, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact
• Director of Research & Scholarship, Michael G. De Groote School of Medicine, McMaster University.

Research interests:

• Exploring the determinants and risk factors of childhood obesity and type 2 diabetes and designing novel interventions to treat, delay and prevent these conditions in high-risk patient populations
• Developing systematic reviews addressing critical questions in childhood obesity and type 2 diabetes and assessing clinical practice guidelines based on those reviews

Educational and professional standing

Dr. Samaan completed his training in pediatric endocrinology at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto. He pursued postdoctoral fellowship research training as an International Research Scholar at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, USA and at the Program in Cell Biology at the University of Toronto. He was nominated for the President’s Award for Excellence in Graduate Supervision in 2018.

Dr. Samaan is an associate professor in the Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, an associate member in the Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and core faculty at the Population Genomics Program and Peter Boris Centre for Addiction Research, McMaster University. Dr. Samaan completed psychiatry and research training in Ireland and UK. In addition to her medical degree, she holds a master’s in science from Trinity College Dublin, Ireland and a PhD in psychiatric genetics from the Institute of Psychiatry and Kings College London, UK.

Hsien Seow, PhD (Johns Hopkins), BSc (Yale), is the Canada Research Chair in Palliative Care and Health System Innovation at McMaster University and director of the ICES-McMaster site. Previously, he held a Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) New Investigator award and the Cancer Care Ontario Chair in Health Services Research.

Meredith Vanstone is an associate professor in McMaster’s Department of Family Medicine, an adjunct scientist with McMaster’s program for Education Research, Innovation & Theory (MERIT) and a member of the Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis (CHEPA). She holds a PhD in health and rehabilitation sciences (health professional education) from Western University. Vanstone uses a variety of qualitative research methods to investigate the ethical implications of health professional education and practice. She examines how health professionals respond to explicit, implicit and structural policies that shape their professional lives. By focusing on policy and practice areas with an ethical or moral valence, her research aims to support ethical health professional practice through education and policy initiatives. Vanstone’s work is supported by funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care, the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada and the Greenwall Foundation. Vanstone supervises in the following graduate programs: Health Sciences Education (MSc), Health Research Methodology (Msc and PhD) and Health Policy (PhD).

Feng Xie is a professor of health economics in the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact (HEI) and a member of the Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis (CHEPA). His research interests include health technology assessment, economic evaluations using models and trial data, patient-reported outcome and preference measures and health utility measures. Xie is deputy editor-in-chief of the BMC Journal: Health and Quality of Life Outcomes and an associated editor of Medical Decision Making. He received a Career Scientist Award from Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care and a Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) New Investigator Award.

Xie has been involved in numerous health technology assessment (HTA) and economic evaluations in assessing new health technologies to support national and provincial reimbursement decision-making. He is also interested in measuring patient-reported outcomes in the context of clinical trials and economic evaluations. He holds a PhD in pharmacoeconomics and outcomes research from the National University of Singapore, an MSc in pharmacy administration from Fudan University and a BSc in pharmacy from Shanghai Medical University.